Internal validity is the extent to which an estimate identifies the intended effect within the population and setting actually studied.
Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study accurately establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable, free from the influence of confounding variables or biases. In other words, it assesses whether the observed effects in a study can be attributed to the manipulations made by the researcher rather than to other extraneous factors.
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