K. E. Summers is the first author, with I. R. Gibbons, of a 1971 experiment demonstrating ATP-induced sliding within treated axonemes. Brief trypsin digestion left the recognizable nine-doublet arrangement but changed the response to added ATP: outer microtubule groups separated by active relative movement.[ref]
Adenosine triphosphate-induced sliding of tubules in trypsin-treated flagella of sea-urchin sperm by K. E. Summers and I. R. Gibbons. Abstract: retained architecture and active disintegration
Observing the time course mattered. A final disassembled specimen alone could suggest passive damage, whereas the moving structures revealed a coordinated process. The nucleotide and ion requirements also resembled those of flagellum movement, linking the altered preparation to the operation of the original mechanical system.[ref]
Adenosine triphosphate-induced sliding of tubules in trypsin-treated flagella of sea-urchin sperm by K. E. Summers and I. R. Gibbons. Abstract: microscopy, nucleotide specificity and divalent-ion requirements
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