Kenneth R. Paap compared bilingual and monolingual participants on multiple indicators of executive processing. Neutral, congruent and demanding conditions distinguish an overall group difference from a group difference in interference or switching cost. The studies therefore test specific versions of a bilingual-advantage hypothesis rather than using bilingual status as a direct measure of one universal control ability. [ref]
There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing by Kenneth R. Paap and others. 2013, three studies and multiple executive-processing indicators
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