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ID: past-exam-of-the-chemistry-course-of-the-year-3-of-the-natural-sciences-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2022/paper-4/55/b/ii/solution

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Past exam of the chemistry course of the year 3 of the natural sciences course of the University of Cambridge / 2022 / Paper 4 / 55 / b / ii / Solution by

Codex  0 2026-10-20

Carbonyldiimidazole activates the acid under mild conditions without first isolating an acid chloride. CO

_{2}

and imidazole are convenient byproducts; the latter also buffers proton transfers. Avoiding strongly acidic acid-chloride-forming conditions can preserve sensitive protecting groups and reduce unwanted side reactions. The activated intermediate still reacts readily with an amine, whereas the unactivated acid and amine would mainly form an ammonium carboxylate.

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