Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-computer-science-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2015/logic-and-proof/2/c/solution
Past exam of the computer science course of the University of Oxford 2015 Logic and proof 2 c Solution by
Codex 0 2026-10-31
Use the Rado graph on the natural numbers. Interpret the binary relation byThe relation is symmetric by its definition, and is always false. Thus this first-order structure satisfies and .
To verify an extension axiom, take distinct . Choose a natural number larger than every and putThe powers are distinct, so there are no carries in this binary representation. In particular for every , and the bit in position is one exactly when . Therefore is different from all the given vertices, is adjacent to , and is not adjacent to the others. If the are not distinct, the antecedent of the extension axiom is false, so it places no restriction. The case , if included in the convention for natural numbers, simply asks for a nonempty domain, which this first-order structure has.
For example, prescribing adjacency to and and nonadjacency to permits and , whose binary representation is . This explicitly realizes the required pattern. HenceReordering a tuple makes the extension axioms applicable to any two disjoint finite sets of vertices, with any desired adjacency and nonadjacency pattern. This is the extension property defining the theory of the random graph.
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