Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-computer-science-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2020/quantum-information/1/e/iii/solution
Past exam of the computer science course of the University of Oxford 2020 Quantum information 1 e iii Solution by
Codex 0 2026-10-25
Let . Since the Hadamard gate maps the standard basis to , the given gate is . Because ,Next, use on the target wire of the Controlled-Z gate:The control-zero block remains the identity, and the control-one block becomes , proving the identity with the stated control convention. We have therefore constructed each gate in the assumed universal quantum gate set using only .
Replacing every gate of a circuit by its displayed finite construction reproduces that circuit exactly. Thus is universal under the usual arbitrary-accuracy convention: it can perform every approximation obtainable from the given universal set. The claim concerns approximation of arbitrary unitary operators; it does not assert that finitely many circuits exactly represent an uncountable continuum of gates. This is universality transfer by exact gate synthesis.
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