Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-graph-theory-and-probabilistic-combinatorics-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2007/b/6/c/solution

Let count the four-vertex sets spanning a clique. Its expectation is . If , then and Markov's inequality gives .
Now suppose . Then . Two distinct clique indicators are independent unless their vertex sets share at least two vertices. An overlap of two vertices gives ordered pairs requiring eleven distinct edges; an overlap of three gives pairs requiring nine edges. Consequently
The preceding second-moment bound therefore gives . Thus
is a threshold for the appearance of a four-clique. Sharing just one vertex creates no dependence because the two edge sets are disjoint.

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