 Solution

Let $T=\mathrm{Spec}R$ and $Z=\mathrm{Spec}(R/(r))$. The idempotent $e$ determines the disjoint clopen sets $Z_A=D_Z(e)$ and $Z_B=D_Z(1-e)$. Each is closed in $T$. Define the open subsetsThey cover $T$ and satisfy $T_A\cap T_B=T\setminus Z=D(r)$. The global section $r$ defines morphisms of schemes $T_A\to A$ and $T_B\to B$, both sending the coordinate $t$ to $r$. On their intersection $r$ is a unit, so both maps land in the common open subscheme $A\cap B=\mathrm{Spec}\mathbb{Z}[t,t^{-1}]$, where they agree. They therefore glue uniquely:For an entirely explicit description, choose any lift $a\in R$ of $e$. Then $a(1-a)\in (r)$ andThe equality $a+(1-a)=1$ proves that these open subsets cover. The inclusion $D(a(1-a))\subseteq D(r)$ proves that their intersection is exactly $D(r)$. Their description as complements of $Z_A,Z_B$ proves independence of the chosen lift. In particular, no lift of $e$ to an idempotent of $R$ is required.