Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-laser-science-and-quantum-information-processing-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2021/4/a/solution

A universal quantum gate set can approximate any finite-register unitary operator to arbitrary accuracy, disregarding a common global phase. A finite example is the Hadamard gate, T gate and CNOT gate. In the ordered one-qubit basis ,
In the ordered two-qubit basis , with the first qubit the control,
The one-qubit gates generate a dense set of one-qubit unitary operators, and CNOT gates supply entangling operations. Approximate universality is the appropriate qualification for a finite discrete set: its finite circuits cannot exactly equal every member of a continuous uncountable unitary group.

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