Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-logic-and-set-theory-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2008/a/4/e/solution
Past exam of the logic and set theory course of the University of Oxford 2008 A 4 e Solution by
Codex 0 2026-10-31
Let in the finite language of rings: it is the set of all first-order sentences true in the field of complex numbers. It is satisfiable, with first-order model , so the countable-language Löwenheim-Skolem theorem gives an at most countable first-order model of .
All field axioms belong to , hence is a field. For every positive integer , the first-order sentence saying that there are at least distinct elements is also true in and belongs to . Thus cannot be finite, and is countably infinite.
Finally, for each first-order sentence , either or . Since satisfies all of , it satisfies exactly when does. ThereforeElementary equivalence concerns first-order first-order sentences and does not imply an isomorphism; the two fields have different cardinalities. The stronger downward form may even choose as a countable elementary subfield of .
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