Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematical-methods-i-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2019/1/d/solution

Use the principal complex logarithm at each stage of the nested complex exponentiation. Since ,
This inner value is positive real, so its principal complex logarithm is . Consequently
One must retain the parentheses: complex exponentiation is not associative. If all complex logarithm branches are allowed, the inner values are . Taking the outer logarithm with an independent integer branch index yields . Thus the complete multivalued set is , and the boxed answer selects its principal evaluation.

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