Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2005/ii/paper-3/23h/ii/solution

Let be the Frenet frame of the original space curve, with , , . Put . The normal-indicatrix arc-length satisfies , and its unit tangent is . On the unit sphere its outward normal is , and .
Differentiate in . The derivative of is parallel to and contributes nothing to its projection onto . The remaining derivative is , giving
With the alternative left-normal signed-curvature convention the displayed scalar changes sign, while the area conclusion is unchanged.

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