 Solution

Let $f$ be the nonzero bounded holomorphic function in the zero-set condition. Choose $v$ with $f(v)\ne 0$ and compose with a disk Möbius transformation carrying zero to $v$. Call the resulting function $g$ and its zeros $a_n$, counted with multiplicity. Then $g(0)\ne 0$ and $|g|\le 1$.

For a radius $r$ with no zero on its circle, Jensen's formula givesTo see the formula directly, divide $g$ by its finitely many interior zero factors. The logarithm of the modulus of the resulting zero-free holomorphic function is harmonic near the closed disk and satisfies the mean value property. The circle average of $\log |r{e}^{i\theta }-a|$ for $|a|<r$ is $\log r$, obtained by expanding $\log (1-(a/r)e^{-i\theta })$. Subtracting its value at zero gives exactly the displayed zero sum.

Let $r\uparrow 1$ through zero-free circles. Increasing limits of the nonnegative summands giveSince $1-|a_n|\le -\log |a_n|$, the Blaschke condition follows for the transformed sequence. The hyperbolic metric identity and the base-point comparison proved above giveThis proves the reverse implication and completes the equivalence.