Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2008/ia/paper-3/11c/a/solution

The product rule gives
Apply the divergence theorem, with outward unit normal , and use the vanishing Laplacian of the harmonic function :
The boundary value of is one. Another application of the divergence theorem therefore gives
This is the gradient pairing with a boundary-constant function and a harmonic function, obtained directly from Green's first identity. The harmonic function must be regular throughout the volume; an interior singularity can supply an additional boundary flux.

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