Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2009/iii/paper-43/3/1/solution

Measure the statistical Hamiltonian in units of so that the weight is , and take , for convergence. Use the Fourier transform convention
The last identity is the reality condition, so modes at and are not independent complex fields. Orthogonality of the Fourier exponentials gives , while a derivative multiplies a Fourier mode by . Hence
The kernel is positive for the stated parameters. Keeping an explicit inverse temperature instead would replace this kernel in the statistical weight by ; the following source convention absorbs that factor.

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