 Solution

Only the empty binary configuration contributes to $f$, and only the occupied configuration contributes to $g$. Thus the Hirota tau functions giveHere ${\beta }_1$ denotes the velocity parameter, while $\beta$ without a subscript remains the coupling of Sine-Gordon theory. For $\kappa >0$, the field approaches the adjacent scalar-field vacua $0$ and $2\pi$ at the two ends of space, so its topological charge is $1$. Its center is $X=0$, givingThe constraint ${\kappa }^2-{\beta }_1^2=1$ implies $\kappa =(1-v^2{)}^{-1/2}$. Hence this is precisely a Lorentz boost of the static Sine-Gordon kink, with the expected Lorentz contraction. As a direct check, if $F(X)=4\arctan e^X$, then $F^{\prime }=2\mathrm{sech}X$ and $F^{\prime \prime }=\sin F$, so $({\partial }_t^2-{\partial }_x^2)\varphi +\sin \varphi =({\beta }_1^2-{\kappa }^2)F^{\prime \prime }+\sin F=0$.

The real-parameter condition also permits $\kappa <0$. That choice reverses the topological charge and describes an antikink. The all-kink scattering formulas below use ${\kappa }_i>0$; the orientation dependence is stated explicitly at the end of the two-body calculation.