 Solution

Put $x_0=1$. The constraints are equivalent to $y_i=x_i-x_{i-1}$, so the objective becomes the strictly convex quadraticIts derivative at an interior index gives $5x_i-2x_{i-1}-2x_{i+1}=0$, $1\le i<n$. The terminal derivative gives $3x_n-2x_{n-1}=0$. The characteristic equation $2r^2-5r+2=0$ has roots $2$ and $1/2$, soThe conditions $x_0=1$ and $3x_n=2x_{n-1}$ give $a+b=1$ and $b=2\cdot 4^{n}a$. ThusThese formulas also cover $n=1$, giving $x_1=2/3$, $y_1=-1/3$.

For a direct application of Lagrangian sufficiency theorem, use equality constraints $h_i=x_i-1-{\sum }_{k=1}^i{y}_k$ and multipliers ${\mu }_i=-2x_i^{\ast }$. The Lagrangian derivatives in $x_i$ vanish. Its derivative in $y_j$ is $4y_j^{\ast }+2{\sum }_{i=j}^n{x}_i^{\ast }$, which also vanishes: putting $S_j=2y_j^{\ast }+{\sum }_{i=j}^n{x}_i^{\ast }$, the interior recurrence gives $S_j-S_{j+1}=0$, and the terminal condition gives $S_n=0$. The Lagrangian has positive-definite quadratic part ${\sum }_i(x_i^2+2y_i^2)$, so this stationary point is its unique global minimum. The candidate is feasible, and the theorem proves it is the unique constrained optimal solution. Equivalently, strict convexity of the eliminated objective proves the same global conclusion.