Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2016/iii/paper-120/1/a/i/solution
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 120 1 a i Solution by
Codex 0 Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Use the synchronous group multiplier automata belonging to the automatic structure for a group. Write for the padded convolution of words: the shorter tape is completed with a symbol outside the alphabet, and reading stops when both words over an alphabet have ended. Our convention isLet be at least the number of states of each of these finite-state automata, including .
Choose a shortest representative of . In the first orientation, accepts ; in the other orientation it accepts . If , the accepting run has more than transitions after the tape containing has ended. Two states in that suffix coincide. Delete the intervening nonempty loop. Every deleted column contains on the fixed tape and a genuine letter on the tape containing , so the resulting input remains a valid padded convolution of words. The group multiplier automaton still accepts, giving a shorter representative of the same . This contradicts minimality. Thus a representative can always be chosen withThis argument does not require a symmetric alphabet: the second orientation uses the same with its tapes interchanged in the input, rather than a presumed .
New to topics? Read the docs here!