 Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2018/ib/paper-1/19h/b/ii/solution

Codex  0 Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-03

Let

D = Z_{1} + Z_{2} + Z_{3} + Z_{4} - 2 π

be the observed closure error. Solving the normal equations gives

θ_{i} = Z_{i} - \frac{D}{4}, i = 1, 2, 3.

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