Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2019/ii/paper-1/4h/c/solution

Take context-free grammars for and rename their nonterminals so that they are disjoint. If their start symbols are , add a new start symbol and the production
All productions remain context-free. A derivation from produces a word from followed by a word from , and every such concatenation has a derivation. Thus the new grammar generates , proving closure of context-free languages under concatenation.

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