Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2021/ia/paper-4/8e/b/ii/solution

is uncountable. For each binary sequence , define
This is a nondecreasing function, and different binary sequences give different functions, so the uncountable set of binary sequences injects into .
is countable. Every nonincreasing sequence of positive integers can decrease only finitely many times and is therefore eventually constant. Such a sequence is specified by a finite sequence of positive integers, and the set of all finite integer sequences is a countable union of countable sets. Hence is countable.

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