Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2021/ib/paper-3/13g/solution
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2021 ib Paper 3 13G Solution by
Codex 0 Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
Fix and letFor and , the geometric series givesThe series converges uniformly on every smaller closed disc, so it may be integrated term by term along the curve. Hencewhich is a power series about .
If is holomorphic on a neighbourhood of the closed disc , the Cauchy integral formula saysDifferentiation under the integral is valid uniformly on smaller discs and gives the Cauchy derivative formulaThis proves inductively that every holomorphic function has complex derivatives of every order. In particular,
Now suppose locally uniformly on . Given a compact set , choose finitely many closed discs whose slightly larger concentric discs remain in and whose interiors cover . Applying the derivative formula to on the larger boundary circles gives a uniform Cauchy estimatewhere is the compact union of those circles. The right-hand side tends to zero, proving that
Finally, choose open neighbourhoods of the closed discs so small thatlies in the given neighbourhood on which is holomorphic. Inside that neighbourhood choose a positively oriented piecewise smooth contour surrounding . It may be chosen as the boundary of a slightly enlarged lens and split into arcsso that stays away from and stays away from . DefineandBecause each arc avoids the corresponding disc, these formulas define holomorphic functions on possibly smaller neighbourhoods . On their overlap, the Cauchy integral formula for the full contour gives
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