Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2021/ii/paper-3/31a/b/solution

At a non-axis fixed point the determinant and trace are
These formulas determine the solid stable and dashed unstable branches in the bifurcation diagram. The pair is born in a saddle-node bifurcation at . For , it exchanges branches with at and with at , both transcritical bifurcations. If , the saddle-node lies to the left of ; if , it lies to the right. For , the saddle-node and the collision at combine into a pitchfork bifurcation at .

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