Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2022/iii/paper-129/4/iii/solution

Put . By the Derivative identity for the Gowers U3 norm, the Fourier formula for the norm, and Parseval identity,
because . Let
and for every choose attaining . Then
for every , and deleting the complement of from the preceding average leaves total mass at least .
Let . The box-norm inequality applied to the selected Fourier coefficients and the cocycle identity for multiplicative derivatives gives
The left side is at least . An additive quadruple in is exactly a tuple satisfying
Therefore there are at least such quadruples, which is the Frequency graph extracted from a large Gowers U3 norm.

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