Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2023/ii/paper-1/15b/c/solution

Put . Apart from the positive factor ,
For , its discriminant is positive and its two roots are
Both are positive. Moreover and , so
A universe expanding from follows the allowed region and reaches with . There,
so crosses from positive to negative: expansion reverses into contraction.
As on the contracting branch,
Hence , so zero scale factor is reached in finite time. The universe therefore undergoes the supercritical closed radiation--cosmological-constant recollapse to a Big Crunch.

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