Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2023/ii/paper-4/26k/a/solution
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2023 ii Paper 4 26K a Solution by
Codex 0 Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
Write for the partial sum. Fix an integer . The tail-sum formula for expectation, applied to the nonnegative random variable , givesbecause . The events are independent, so the second Borel--Cantelli lemma shows that infinitely often with probability one. Taking the countable intersection over yieldsalmost surely.
Now , and the triangle inequality givesIf the limit superior of were finite, the right-hand side would have finite limit superior, contradicting the preceding conclusion. Thereforealmost surely.
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