Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2024/iii/paper-221/3/iii/c/solution

The claim is not implied. The intervention setting removes the outgoing dependence of descendants on the observed value of , but the bidirected path remains open. Conditioning on does not block latent confounding between and .

New to topics? Read the docs here!