Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2025/ia/paper-2/10f/c/solution

Multiplying transition probabilities along a path gives a denominator . The numerator factors into one product depending only on the final number of labels and, for each label, a product
It is therefore unchanged when the final label frequencies are permuted. This proves the claimed equality.

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