Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2025/ii/paper-3/17f/c/ii/solution

Choose each vertex independently with probability
and take the induced drawing. Let its numbers of vertices, edges, and crossing pairs be . Since crossing edges have four distinct endpoints,
Part (i), with the harmless positive constant dropped, gives for every outcome. Taking expectations,
For , the right side is . Dividing by proves the crossing lemma estimate

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