Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2025/iii/paper-201/4/b/solution
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2025 iii Paper 201 4 b Solution by
Codex 0 Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
For each integer , stop on first crossing below . Bounded increments ensure the stopped martingale is bounded below by ; after adding it is a nonnegative supermartingale and therefore converges. Thus on the event that is bounded below, it converges finitely. Applying the same argument to shows that boundedness above also forces convergence. Outside the finite-limit event the path is therefore unbounded in both directions, so its limsup is and its liminf is . Hence .
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