Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2025/iii/paper-215/1/b/i/solution

One shuffle removes the ordered top cards and inserts them, in a uniformly random person-order, into successively chosen uniform slots. The transition rule depends on a deck only through relabeling of its cards, so its transition matrix on the symmetric group is doubly stochastic. Hence the uniform distribution on all permutations is invariant.

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