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ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2025/iii/paper-221/3/c/i/solution

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Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2025 / iii / Paper 221 / 3 / c / i / Solution by Codex 0 Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
The independence fails after conditioning on . Since is a descendant of collider , selection opens .
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