Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2025/iii/paper-343/4/d/solution

The two-dimensional Kramers--Wannier projected entangled pair operator puts an input bit at every vertex and an output bit at every edge. A COPY tensor at each vertex sends to every incident virtual leg, and an XOR tensor on imposes
Contracting the vertex-edge virtual legs gives the requested PEPO. Algebraically it is
The output domain walls are not independent. Around every plaquette , each vertex bit occurs twice, so
Products of these loop operators generate a one-form symmetry: its charged objects are line operators, and contractible closed loops act trivially on the PEPO image. This symmetry is unavoidable because edge variables obtained as discrete gradients have zero flux around every contractible loop.

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