Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2026/iii/paper-315/3/b/iv/solution

Three nonthermal atmospheric-escape mechanisms are stellar-wind ion pickup, sputtering of neutrals by energetic incident particles, and photochemical escape in exothermic reactions. Charge exchange, polar-wind acceleration, and impact erosion provide further examples.
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