Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-year-1-of-the-natural-sciences-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2014/paper-1/15/a/ii/solution

The polar area element is . Integrating first in radius and using symmetry gives
This is the specialization , of the polar cap between a cardioid and a circle area formula.

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