Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-year-1-of-the-natural-sciences-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2017/paper-1/14/b/ii/solution

Because the exponential function is strictly increasing, the level sets are exactly those of . For they satisfy
There are no contours for , the level is the origin, and gives nested closed ovals symmetric about both axes. Their stronger fourth-power growth in makes them relatively narrower horizontally as the level rises.
For , the contour equation becomes
The central local minimum is surrounded by closed ovals for , accompanied by outer open branches. At , the level passes through the two saddle points and changes its connectivity. Levels have only outer branches, while levels above the saddle value have an upper and a lower branch. The sketch is restricted to the requested square; labels give , so they identify the corresponding contours of without exponentially large labels.
Figure 1.
Contours for the two parameter signs; labels are log f and dots mark stationary points
. Details.

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