Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-year-2-of-the-natural-sciences-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2012/paper-1/6/ii/b/solution

Expand , where . By orthonormality,
Since the spectrum avoids , each is either below or above , making every product strictly positive. This proves positivity of a quadratic polynomial across a spectral gap:
In particular for every nonzero . For , ; the printed strict claim for an arbitrary vector must exclude this case.

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