 Solution

TODO: Solutions d and e and their test observations are absent. Iodine and morphia are named testing targets, not reported positive findings.

Neither iodine in $d$ nor morphine in $e$ is established. “Morphia” is the historical name for morphine. The available task can nevertheless be explained as two distinct analytical investigations, using separate portions and reference preparations.

For $d$, first distinguish free iodine from iodide. A cool, freshly prepared starch solution gives a strong blue colour with accessible iodine under suitable conditions. Test the reagent by itself and beside a known iodine preparation, so that contamination or a failed reagent is not mistaken for an observation about $d$. The intense blue starch indication is documented in contemporary discussion of the 1864 British Pharmacopoeia.^[ref]

An absent direct blue response would not, by itself, exclude iodine present as iodide, or establish that the specimen contains no interfering material. If the task includes combined iodine, an appropriately controlled oxidation on a separate portion is needed to liberate testable iodine; the unoxidized and treated portions answer different questions. The response of the untreated specimen must not be confused with one deliberately produced by changing its chemical state. These are possible branches of the investigation, not observations supplied for $d$.

For $e$, use the period's chemical identity reactions as corroborating observations. The British Pharmacopoeia by the General Medical Council (1864) describes the response of hydrochlorate of morphia to iron(III) chloride and nitric acid: the former gives a blue indication under the specified conditions, and the latter an orange-red indication. The monograph is a reference for a defined material; it does not guarantee that every dilute or impure unknown will reproduce those colours.^[ref]

Use separate portions for the two tests and include a reagent blank and a known morphine reference. Acidity, concentration and other coloured or reactive constituents can affect interpretation. A single colour should therefore be treated as preliminary evidence rather than a conclusive identification in an unrestricted unknown. An unexplained failure of the known reference would invalidate the comparison, while a coloured blank would indicate a problem independent of $e$.

A completed practical record would give the actual response of each sample, reagent and reference, followed by an appropriately qualified conclusion. The reference behaviours explain the tests; they cannot supply the missing results for $d$ or $e$.