Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-model-theory-and-godel-s-incompleteness-theorems-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2009/b/5/c/iii/solution

No. Universal sentences are preserved under substructures. Every infinite -vector space has its zero subspace as an -substructure, since zero is named and every scalar multiplication preserves it. This one-element structure is not infinite and is not a model of . Thus the model class is not closed under substructures and has no universal axiomatization, even relative to the vector-space axioms.

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