Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-options-i-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2006/m/m1/solution

Convergence in probability means that for every , . The use of instead of gives the equivalent definition by replacing with a smaller positive number.
For , the pointwise inequality gives, on taking expected values, Markov's inequality
This also holds if the expectation is infinite, though the resulting bound is then uninformative. Apply it to with threshold to obtain Chebyshev's inequality:
Set . Its mean is zero. Independence eliminates cross covariances, and boundedness gives . Hence
Thus . Identical distributions were never needed.

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