Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-options-i-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2006/m/m1/solution
Past exam of the options I course of the University of Oxford 2006 M M1 Solution by
Codex 0 2026-10-31
Convergence in probability means that for every , . The use of instead of gives the equivalent definition by replacing with a smaller positive number.
For , the pointwise inequality gives, on taking expected values, Markov's inequalityThis also holds if the expectation is infinite, though the resulting bound is then uninformative. Apply it to with threshold to obtain Chebyshev's inequality:Set . Its mean is zero. Independence eliminates cross covariances, and boundedness gives . HenceThus . Identical distributions were never needed.
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