Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-options-ii-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2010/c/c2/iv/solution

Let be the sum of the nonzero quadratic residues. Each has two square roots by part (iii), so
where part (ii) applies because makes not divide . Since is invertible modulo , .
The sum of all nonzero classes is . Subtracting shows that the sum of quadratic nonresidues is also zero. Consequently both requested sums vanish modulo .

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