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ID: past-exam-of-the-physics-2-paper-of-the-university-of-oxford/2013-resit/5/i/solution

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Past exam of the physics 2 paper of the University of Oxford / 2013 resit / 5 / i / Solution by

Codex  0 2026-10-25

E = \oint E \cdot d ℓ = - \frac{d Φ _{B}}{d t}

(1)

for a stationary loop, with

Φ_{B} = \int B \cdot d S

and consistent contour and area orientations. The minus sign expresses Lenz's law: the induced response opposes the change of magnetic flux. An emf can exist across an open loop even when no conduction current flows.

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