Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-topics-in-applied-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2011/a/1/b/iii/solution
Past exam of the topics in applied mathematics course of the University of Oxford 2011 A 1 b iii Solution by
Codex 0 2026-10-31
The positive quadrant is invariant. The non-axis nullclines are and . Below , increases; above it, decreases. To the left of , increases; to the right, it decreases.
For , the stable manifold of the interior saddle separates trajectories tending to from those for which and . Exactly on that manifold, the trajectory tends to the saddle. For the illustrated , the separating manifold is exactly , since the vector field preserves that diagonal.
For , every strictly positive initial state ultimately has and . Indeed implies , so eventually is bounded below by a positive constant. Then grows exponentially, forcing down. At , a positive eventually drives below one; thereafter increases. A finite positive limit for would force , inconsistent with , so the same exclusion outcome holds.
There are no interior periodic orbits: the Bendixson-Dulac criterion with multiplier givesThe phase portraits in the preceding figure show the threshold geometry and the absence of a bounded attracting coexistence state. Initial states on the axes retain the corresponding one-species dynamics.
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