Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-year-1-of-the-computer-science-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2015/discrete-mathematics-continuous-mathematics-and-probability-resit/2/d/iii/solution

For each unordered pair with , antisymmetry allows three choices: neither direction, only , or only . This contributes . The diagonal is unrestricted by antisymmetry, but being not irreflexive requires a nonempty subset of the diagonal pairs. There are such choices. Hence
This allows some diagonal pairs to be absent; “not irreflexive” does not require a reflexive relation.

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