Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-year-1-of-the-computer-science-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2017/discrete-mathematics-continuous-mathematics-and-probability/1/e/solution
Past exam of the year 1 of the computer science course of the University of Oxford 2017 Discrete mathematics, continuous mathematics and probability 1 e Solution by
Codex 0 2026-10-31
Use the convention that applies first. Reflexivity inserts an identity step: if , use to obtain ; if , use for the same conclusion. Thus . By monotonicity of relation composition,For strictness, take and let consist of the identity pairs together with . Both are reflexive relations. The left side permits at most two forward chain steps, so does not contain . The right side permits four steps, including , so does contain it. Equality therefore need not hold.
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