 Projection of a spherical power-law emissivity

An optically thin spherical source with volume emissivity $j(r)=j_0{r}^{-p}$ has surface brightnessSubstitute $z=Ru$ in the line-of-sight integral and evaluate ${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }(1+u^2{)}^{-p/2}du$ using the beta function. The condition $p>1$ is convergence at large distance. A core or finite outer boundary changes the projection near that boundary; the stated scaling applies between those scales.