 Second-order rough-surface scattered field

For normal plane-wave incidence, the second-order Dirichlet boundary condition gives ${\psi }_s^{[2]}=-h{\partial }_z{\psi }_s^{[1]}$ at the mean plane, since ${\partial }_z^2{\psi }^{[0]}$ vanishes there. The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map for a Helmholtz half-space then yields $2kh\mathcal{B}h$. This nonlocal expression is not generally $2k^2{h}^2$; that local limit needs roughness varying slowly compared with the wavelength.