 Speech and Language Processing by Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin

By Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin. Author-hosted third-edition draft, appendix A, Hidden Markov Models, dated 19 August 2026.

Official PDF: web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/A.pdf

Appendix A.2, pp. 2–3, specifies initial, transition and emission distributions and the Markov/output-independence assumptions. Appendix A.3 gives the forward algorithm.