Spherical null expansion in ingoing coordinates

ID: spherical-null-expansion-in-ingoing-coordinates

For a four-dimensional spherical metric , a radial null vector normal to a round sphere has null expansion , where . The angular metric changes only by a common scale, so radial congruences have zero null shear; hypersurface orthogonality also gives zero null twist. The convention here is the trace, not the screen-averaged expansion.

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