Superadditivity and nonempty core do not imply Shapley stability

ID: superadditivity-and-nonempty-core-do-not-imply-shapley-stability

On three players, let exactly when contains player 1 and at least one of players 2 and 3, and zero otherwise. This simple cooperative game is superadditive: disjoint coalitions cannot both contain player 1, so at most one can have value one. Its core of a cooperative game is exactly , since singleton nonnegativity and the two winning-pair constraints force the other two coordinates to zero. In a random player ordering, player 1 is pivotal unless it comes first, whereas each other player is pivotal in just one of the six orders. Thus its Shapley value is , outside the core: coalition receives only . Convex cooperative games have the stronger property that their Shapley value belongs to the core of a convex game.

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